![]() ![]() In this study, we sought to examine the association between structural racism and MSEs in metropolitan cities in the United States. 8 However, the way in which measures of structural racism correlate with MSEs has not been elucidated. 4Ĭommunity gun violence has been linked to structural racism, which has been defined as “the normalized and legitimized range of policies, practices, and attitudes that routinely produce cumulative and chronic adverse outcomes for people of color.” 5 - 7 Firearm injuries are more likely to occur in low-income areas, and Black individuals make up the majority of those injured or killed in shootings. 4 These 649 MSEs accounted for 3.34% of all firearm-related mortalities and 7.00% of firearm-related injuries. 4 In 2022, there were a staggering 649 MSEs, the most in 1 year in the history of the United States. 3 From 2014 to 2020, there has been an increase in mass shootings, from 269 events in 2014 to 611 MSEs in 2020, which represents a 127% increase over a 6-year period. ![]() While there is not consensus on what constitutes an MSE, a commonly accepted definition used by many databases, including the Gun Violence Archive (GVA), is a shooting incident in which 4 or more individuals are shot and wounded or killed. 2Īccompanying the overall increase in firearm violence is a considerable rise in the number of mass shooting events (MSEs). 2 In 2021, 58% of firearm homicide victims were reported to be Black while 37% were White. Although Black and African American individuals represent only 13.6% of the US population, they are disproportionately counted among the victims of firearm-related homicides. 1 Research shows that racial and ethnic minority communities are disproportionately affected by firearm violence and mortality as compared with White communities. ![]() The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that firearms were used in 81% of all homicides and 55% of all suicides in 2021. Gun violence in the United States has steadily increased over the last several decades. Public health initiatives aiming to prevent MSEs should target factors associated with structural racism to address gun violence. Segregation index (β = 0.02, 95% CI, −0.03 to 0.06 P = .53), children in a single-parent household (β = −0.04, 95% CI, −0.11 to 0.04 P = .28), and Gini income coefficient (β = −1.02 95% CI, −11.97 to 9.93 P = .93) were not associated with MSEs on linear regression.Ĭonclusions and Relevance This study found that major US cities with higher populations of Black individuals are more likely to be affected by MSEs, suggesting that structural racism may have a role in their incidence. On linear regression, structural racism, as measured by percentage of the MSA population comprising Black individuals, was associated with MSEs (β = 0.10 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.14 P < .001). Percentage of the MSA population comprising Black individuals (ρ = 0.76, P < .001), children in a single-parent household (ρ = 0.44, P < .001), and violent crime rate (ρ = 0.34, P = .03) were other variables associated with MSEs. Higher segregation index (ρ = 0.46, P = .003) was associated with MSE incidence (adjusted per 100 000 population) using Spearman ρ analysis. Results There were 865 MSEs across all 51 MSAs from 2015 to 2019 with a total of 3968 injuries and 828 fatalities. Main Outcome and Measures MSE incidence and markers of structural racism from demographic data, Gini income coefficient, Black-White segregation index, and violent crime rate. The data analysis was performed from February 2021 to January 2022.Įxposure Shooting event where 4 or more people not including the shooter were injured or killed. Objective To examine the association between structural racism and mass shootings in major metropolitan cities in the United States.ĭesign, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study of MSEs in the 51 largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the United States analyzes population-based data from 2015 to 2019 and the Gun Violence Archive. ![]() Importance The root cause of mass shooting events (MSEs) and the populations most affected by them are poorly understood. Shared Decision Making and Communication.Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine.Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment.Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience.Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography. ![]()
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